The following are different ways you can format your in-text citations:
Author’s name in text (page number):
According to Cuno, “for years, archaeologists have lobbied for national and international laws, treaties, and conventions to prohibit the international movement of antiquities” (1).
Author’s name in reference (page number):
The argument runs that, “the term 'Czechoslovak' had become a rich source of contention almost immediately after the state's formation” (Innes 16).
No known author:
A similar study was done of students learning to format a research paper ("MLA In-Text Citations").
Note: Use an abbreviated version of the title of the page in quotation marks to substitute for the name of the author
Citing authors with same last names, provide the first initial:
Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children (R. Miller 12), others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration (A. Miller 46).
Author’s name in text (no page number):
Cassell and Jenkins compared reaction times. . . .
Author’s name in reference (no page number):
In a recent study of reaction times (Cassell & Jenkins). . .
Note: If the source does not have page numbers, but explicitly labels its paragraphs or sections, you can give that number instead with the appropriate abbreviation. For example, (Lee, par. 2). When a source has no page number or not other kind of numbering, do not give a page number in the parathesis. Do not count paragraphs if they are not numbered.
Paraphrasing is using your own words to tell your reader the main idea of another author. Paraphrasing still requires that proper credit be given even if it's not a direct quotation.
Being able to properly paraphrase is important because:
If your paraphrase remains too close to the original source, it can still be plagiarism even with the proper citation. This is because without the use of quotes, you are claiming what you are writing is your own words and not that of another.
:
*Examples from: Isakov, L., and Klassen, C. (2014). Paraphrasing without plagiarizing [PDF file]. (Douglas College). Retrieved from https://www.douglascollege.ca/-/media/0400EA745B254FC4B879D3740B65B825.ashx?la=en
Technique #1: Find the Main Idea
Find the main idea of the passage you are trying to paraphrase by crossing out irrelevant information and underlining keywords that help you capture the main idea you want to use.
Technique #2: Use Different Words
This technique suggests replacing words with synonyms BUT it must also be combined with either rewording the entire sentence, changing the sentence structure, and reordering the main ideas. If you only change words with synonyms, it's still considered plagiarism. This technique must be combined with another.
Technique #3: Change the Order of Ideas
Identify the main idea or ideas from a passage that you want to paraphrase and try changing the order in which the ideas have been presented. Make sure you are also rewriting the way the ideas are written. If it's too close to the original, it can still be considered plagiarism.
Technique #4: Memory Notes
Take brief notes on the passage you want to rewrite, using only keywords or key phrases. Then using only those notes, try to reconstruct the meaning of the idea from memory. Compare your new sentence to the original to ensure it's not too close of a match.
Taken from: Isakov, L., and Klassen, C. (2014). Paraphrasing without plagiarizing [PDF file]. (Douglas College). Retrieved from https://www.douglascollege.ca/-/media/0400EA745B254FC4B879D3740B65B825.ashx?la=en
Plagiarism is copying someone's work without permission. Plagiarism is also stealing a paper, buying or hiring someone to write your paper, and borrowing a paper to pass off as your own. Often plagiarism is copying large amounts of text from a source without giving it adequate attribution. Even if you are paraphrasing the text instead of merely copying, you must give proper credit and your paraphrase can't match the original text too closely.